Biography of Andrei Sakharov

Chapter 1.

Photo: Sakharov Archive No Items Found. Andrey Sakharov. Photo: Sakharov Archive Birth of an old priestly Sakharov family came from the Nizhny Novgorod province. The grandfather of Academician Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov brought fame - - the son of a priest who received a secular education and became a jury attorney a lawyer and a public figure. He was a man of liberal beliefs, a member of the Cadet Party.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21 in Moscow. Not even four years have passed since the Bolshevik Revolution, which turned out to be bloody terror and civil war for the country. At the head of the Soviet state, its leader, Vladimir Lenin, still stood. Andrei Sakharov in the arms of her grandmother Z. Spring G. Photo: Archive of Sakharov D. Sakharov with her son Andrei and niece Katya Sakharov.

Photo: Sakharov Archive E. Sakharov with son Andrei. Photo: Sakharov Archive Andrey Sakharov the second on the left with his brother, cousins ​​and neighboring children in the courtyard of the house in Granatny Lane. Andrei’s parents - Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov - - a talented teacher, later the author of textbooks and collections of physics tasks, which continue to be reprinted today and Ekaterina Alekseevna, nee Sofiano -, which came from the Greek noble family, who in the XVIII century adopted Russian citizenship, were highly educated people; They especially appreciated classical music and literature.

Andrei was the eldest son in the family. Four years later, his brother George will be born -, whom relatives called Yura. The traditional spirit of a large strong family was preserved in the house: constant active hard work and respect for labor skill, mutual family support, love of literature and science, ”recalled Andrei Sakharov. The plan of the communal apartment drawn by A. Sakharov, in which his childhood passed.

Sakharov archive. No Items Found. Andrei began to study the study guide for the evening school “Work Book on Physics” by D. Book from the Assembly of Sakharov in the fall of the year. When he grew up, D. Sakharov himself was engaged in mathematics and physics with him. I was very worried about to reduce the whole variety of natural phenomena to the relatively simple laws of the interaction of atoms described by mathematical formulas, ”recalled Sakharov.

Perhaps from this excitement the desire to become a physicist was born. Of course, I was immensely lucky to have such a teacher as my father. ” Andrei entered a comprehensive school only in the fall of the year, when he was already 13 years old. The peak of political repressions in the USSR since its emergence of the Soviet government pursued a policy of repression against its political opponents, any independent social forces, entire social groups and even peoples.

In a closed country, entry into which was extremely difficult, and the exit is almost impossible, mass political repressions unfolded with particular force. Their peak fell on the period of great terror - years. According to official figures, more than 1.7 million people were arrested on political accusations alone, of which at least thousand a year was arrested and convicted as a member of the “illegal counter -revolutionary organization” by his cousin Yevgeny Sofiano, who worked as an inspector of the fire department.

Relatives for a long time believed that he was accidentally died in the camp, but later it became known that Eugene was shot in the year. In the year, the beloved uncle of little Andrei, economist Ivan Sakharov, was arrested and sent from Moscow to Kazan. Sofiano, I. Sakharov, E. Sofiano, etc. Photo: Sakharov archive “I almost never heard from my dad a direct condemnation of the modern regime.

Perhaps the only exception - in the year, when dad in an extremely emotional form expressed his opinion about Stalin, ”Sakharov recalled. And, perhaps, this hiding thoughts from his son is very typical - most characterizes the horror of the era. ” School graduation. The receipt of A. Sakharov Archive Sakharov, Andrei Sakharov, entered the physical faculty of Moscow University, graduated from school with honors, which gave him the opportunity to enter the Physics Department of Moscow State University without exams.

Their reason was not ideological. During the years of study, the university determined the special interest of Sakharov in theoretical physics. The Second World War of World War II - the largest war in the history of mankind - began on September 1 with the attack of fascist Germany on Poland. In total, 62 states took part in the Second World War, hostilities were waged in Europe, Asia and Africa and in the waters of four oceans.

The total losses killed by all countries of the war amounted to more than 71 million people, including at least 46.7 million civilians. During the war, monstrous crimes were committed against humanity, the most terrible of which was the Holocaust - the destruction of about 6 million Jews by the Nazis. The Second World War continued six years until September 2, when the last ally of Germany was surrendered - Japan.At the last stage of the war, in August, the United States used a fundamentally new weapon of mass defeat - nuclear.

As a result of atomic bombing, the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed. Subsequently, nuclear weapons for several decades became a determining factor in international policy. The result of World War II was the formation of a new world order, which was based on the ideological confrontation of the two superpowers - the USSR and the USA. At the same time, the moral lessons extracted by mankind from the war led to the creation of the United Nations in the year and the adoption of the UN General Assembly of the General Declaration of Human Rights - the Basic International Document that determines the basic human rights.