Biography sailors

The history of Portugal the Great Portuguese sailors Portugal is known as the country of discoverers. When it comes to Portuguese sailors, the names of Vashka da Ham and Magellan are certainly sounding, however, in the era of the great geographical discoveries, Portugal gave the world many outstanding pioneers, and we would like to briefly talk about some of them. The navigator Pedru Peru da Kovilian - - a nobility by birth, in his youth took part in the wars of two Portuguese kings in North Africa and perfectly mastered the Arabic language.

In the city of Juan II, he sent Kovilian to the east, ordering by land to achieve India, as well as establish contact with the legendary presbyter John, the lord of the Christian kingdom. Kovilian hit the company in the company of a traveler and diplomat Afons de Paiva and, under the guise of a merchant, arrived in Cairo, from where he sailed to India. He visited Cannanur, Kalikuta and Goa.

Then, having rounded the Arabian Peninsula from the south, at the end of the year on the Arab ship reached the mosambic, after which he returned to Cairo. While in Egypt, Kovilian made a report for the king, in which he advised to look for the path to India not by land, but by the sea, floating south of Guinea towards Madagascar. A few years later, the plan of the sea trip to India was carried out by Vashka and Gama.

In Cairo, Kovilian was waiting for a message from the king with an order to go on a new journey: to Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor Alexander accepted Kovilian favorably, endowed the lands and gave a place at court, but forbade leaving the country. The last thirty years of his life, Kovilian spent in Ethiopia and even married there, although he had a wife and children in Portugal.

Kovilian became the only European to Vashka and Gama, who managed to visit East Africa, and the first Portuguese to visit India. The information he collected was used in preparing the expedition of Vashka da Gama. Pedru Alvarish Kabral - was a military leader, researcher and discoverer of Brazil. According to the family legend, the founder of the Kabralov Kabrai dynasty was the legendary first king of Macedonia Karan, a descendant of the Greek demigod Hercules.

A child of twelve years old Kabral was sent to the courtyard of King Afons V, where he received a humanitarian education and acquired the skills of handling weapons. As a member of a military campaign in North Africa, Kabral was awarded the title of a nobleman and accepted into the Order of Christ. Contemporaries characterized Kabral as a man of educated, educated, reasonable, but excessively conceited and rather cruel, although not as much as Vashka and Gama.

Up to a year, Kabral had no chance to show himself, but after a successful return of Da Gam from the first Indian expedition, Manuel I decided to send a second expedition, the head of which scheduled Kabral on February 15. Under his leadership there were 13 ships with a crew to a person. On the way to India, navigators opened and declared the lands, which after several years were called Brazil, as they abounded in the red tree of Brazil.

Having reached India, Kabral was noted by the behavior, which later became the hallmark of Europeans in Asia: after the trading post of the Portuguese in Kalikut was attacked by Arabs and Indians, Europeans attacked the fleet of Arab merchants, captured 10 ships and killed their crews. After that, the Portuguese fired at Kalikut for two weeks, thus creating a precedent of “Canonerok Diplomacy”.

In general, the Kabral Indian expedition was successful: navigators returned to their homeland with a rich load of jewelry, incense, porcelain and valuable wood. Their sale brought a profit that two times covering the costs. However, it was the first and last naval expedition of Kabral. The king appointed him the commander of the 4th Indian Armada, known as the “Fleet of Retribution”, since it was supposed to compensate for the damage suffered by the Portuguese in India.

Kabral quarreled with Uncle Vashka da Gama, Vice Admiral Vicente Sudre, from whom he demanded a complete obedience. The king took the side of Sodre, and Kabral refused to participate in swimming. Then the head of the armada was appointed Vashka and Gama. Kabral fell out of favor and spent the rest of the days in the province, in the family circle. Read other articles on the history of Portugal here Bartolomeu Diash Dih Novaish - the merit of the opening of the Cape of Good Hope and the Sea Route around Africa belongs.

The navigator came from the clan of Juan Diash, who was the first of the Europeans by Cape Bohador, and Dinita Diash, who opened the green cape. In the family, Diari from generation to generation passed from father to son and from grandfather to the grandson of knowledge in the field of navigation and ancient cards. In his youth, Diash studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Lisbon, after which he served as managing royal warehouses in Lisbon, and - GG first took part in the marine expedition as a captain.

In the second half of the x. The king was afraid that the Spanish competitors learn about the enterprise.In addition, he was in a hurry to send the expedition, since by that time, the scientists-theological scientists calculated the time of the Day of Day, which was supposed to take place in the year from the creation of the world in the year from R.

The king wanted to appear before the Lord, completing all the charitable deeds. Diash was given the task of finding a sea path to India and establishing diplomatic relations with the legendary Christian king of the East, presbyter John, whom Christian monarchs of Europe for decades. In the year, Diash sailed in search of a path to India around Africa. In the same year, he made the first landing on the African coast, from where he continued to swim south and landed in Algoa Bay.

There Diash found out that he had rumored the southern tip of Africa. Before him lay the way to India, but his people were too tired and suffered from malnutrition and scurvy. The great Portuguese poet Camoens described this grueling swimming in the poem "Lusiades": twenty days, as caravels sailed, breaking up the breasts; Twenty days, as compass arrows instead of cards indicated the path, and as the most peppy, the most courageous without disturbing dreams could not fall asleep.

And no one on a ship running to marvelous countries, reserved pieces, dared to think about the future - it was empty and dark in his thoughts ... The ship’s team rebelled and forced Diar to turn back. On the way back, he saw the South Cape of Africa, who called the Cape of Storms. Subsequently, King Zhuan II renamed him into the Cape of Good Hope, to commemorate the hope of finding the long -awaited path to India.

In the year, Diash accompanied the Vashka da Gama expedition to India. Jules Verne subsequently wrote: “Everyone expected that the tested and glorified sailor Bartolomeu Diash would be at the head, which, it would seem, was intended to complete the case he had begun, but the king ordered otherwise. His choice stopped at a young court named Vashka da Gama. ” Perhaps a decisive role in choosing the king was played by the fact that Diash was unable to force or convince his team to swim further than the Cape of Good Hope.

The navigator was distinguished by a humane disposition: he not only did not kill the blacks caught on the African coast, but even landed back to the shore and endowed with beads and various trinkets, in the hope that they would smash the west of powerful white people among his fellow tribesmen. The king needed a more cruel, decisive and warlike chief of the expedition, and he opted for Vashka and Gama.

Diash accompanied the expedition of and Gama only to the islands of the Green Cape, but the merit of the opening of the sea route to India largely belongs to him, since he made the main thing - he circled Africa from the south and determined the exact path to India. In the year, Diash participated in the swimming of the Kabral flotilla into India, thanks to which another great geographical discovery was made - Brazil.

During the expedition, Diash died with four ships during a storm near Cape of Good Hope. It is interesting that many years after the death of Diash the Portuguese sailors swore that they saw during the storm a good hope of his ship at Cape. Thus, the first image of the Skartic ship-the prototype of the “Flying Dutchman” in the history of sea swimming. Vashka da Gama - was born in the Portuguese Sinish and died in the Indian Kochin.

A native of an ancient and honored aristocratic family, in his youth, he joined the Knight's Order of Santiago, studied mathematics, navigation and astronomy, and brilliantly proved himself in several sea battles. The search for the sea route to India was an epoch -making task for Portugal. After a series of unsuccessful attempts, King Manuel I organized another marine expedition, the head of which was Vashka and Gama.

Almost a year after the start of swimming, the goal was achieved - on May 20 of the year, Portuguese vessels stopped on a raid opposite the Indian city of Kalikut now Kozhikode in Kerala. Upon the return of the expedition, the king granted Vashka and Gama the title “Don” and appointed a solid pension, and in the year appropriated the title of “Admiral of the Indian Ocean”.

Subsequently, the newly made admiral made two more voyages to India. In the same year, Da Gama made the third and last voyage to India, where he died from malaria on December 24 in Kochchi. He entered Portuguese history as a person whose discovery determined the further course of the development of Portugal, which has become a huge colonial empire for a few decades. The merits of and Gama before the Fatherland do not cancel the fact that he was the son of his harsh era, and his cruelty was exceptional in nature even against the general background.

The career of the sailor was replete with episodes of cruel reprisals with prisoners, violence and atrocities that had no rational explanation. For example, during the first expedition to India on the way to Kalikut and Gama captured the Indian ship, closed the captives in the hold, including women and children, and burned the ship, and finished off the soldiers in the water.

Approaching the calicut, Vashka ordered to fire him and captivated the Indians. They were tied up, chopped off their hands, noses, ears, they knocked out their teeth, after which they shot from the guns.The severed limbs of the victims of Vashka da Gama sent the ruler of the city. The wives and mothers of the dead roamed along the shore, looking for the bodies of relatives, and Vashka soldiers with his permission caught women and raped.

Father and mother and Gama were not married, he was born illegitimate. Perhaps this circumstance gave rise to an inferiority complex in it, which contributed to the development of qualities such as vanity, powerfulness and ruthlessness. Continuation below