The topic is the biography of the writer

Try the literature selection service. You can always turn off the advertisement. Polotsk analyzes the biography of the writer in the cultural and historical context, the main sources of biographical material are investigated keywords personal life, personality, biography, culture, biographical material. Undoubtedly, each has its own history - history of life, the history of the creative path, the history of the formation of personality.

Personality is a historical phenomenon, “therefore,” writes B. Ananyev, “the personality of personality inevitably becomes a historical study not only of the process of its upbringing and formation in certain social conditions, but also of the era, country, social system, contemporaries, associates, employees or, on the contrary, opponents - in general, accomplices of affairs, time and events in which the personality was involved.

A biographical study of the personality, its life path and creativity is a kind of historical research in any field of knowledge - art of history, the history of science and technology, psychology, etc. Any oral or written story of the writer about the events of his life can be considered as biographical material.

Under certain conditions, secondary sources - memoirs of other persons, letters, official documents and others can be used to recreate life history. The work of G. Vinokur “Biography and Culture” is devoted to the analysis of the biography in the cultural and historical context. As the author notes: “The subject of our analysis is a personal life in history, therefore, the history of personal life” [2, p.

History is the necessary context of personality development. They have to deal with only fictions, because there is nothing that moves and changes, but there is only what arises and is born in motion ”[2, p. A person’s personal life is a complex and multifaceted concept, acts as an interdisciplinary subject of research. If this is psychology, then in any case, a certain psychology is historical, or rather - psychological history.

If physiology, then again, only as a physiological story, the reduction of personal life in its entirety to the aspects of aesthetic, moral and domestic will be its simplification. Life cannot be decomposed into terms, life is concrete and solid. If we take any “genuine life state”, we will see that in it “all together and nothing separately” [2, p. The understanding of how external historical events turn into internal sources of life, according to the author, can contribute to cultural and historical psychology.

For the author, the dynamic aspects of personality development, placed in a specific historical context, are also important. The personality can be recognized by us only in her life ”[2, p. G. Vinokur believes the author, in order to understand how the penetration and interconnection of the mental and social, psychological and historical, internal and external needs the historical method and special view of the historian.

In a historical study, G. Vinokur identifies three stages: antique - analysis of disparate material; historical - “coherent story”; Philosophical - understanding and interpretation of the event. The cultural and analytical interpretation in the field of biography is a criticism that avoids estimates: “We evaluate the life of the person being studied then not from the point of view of the abstract, hypostasized“ ideal ”, but only from the point of view of those laws and norms that we can open in the very personal life of us studied” [2, p.

The author emphasizes that as a means of understanding and interpretation, criticism has a special structure of stylistic analysis, and warns against the substitution of this kind of analytical research by the study of the worldview of the hero of the biography. The worldview in the analysis of the biography makes sense only when it is reflected in the material of personal life, the totality of experiences, in a personal act.

Thus, the author comes to the conclusion that a person is not an abstraction, but the formation of dynamic, historical, cultural and psychological. The intermediary between the objective world of culture and the subjective world of personality, according to Vinokur, becomes an experience. Historical fact. The experience is the new form in which the relationship we analyzed between history and personality is cast: becoming the subject of experience, the historical fact receives a biographical meaning ”[2, p.

Experience is a spiritual experience, a human development environment. The person here is like an artist who sculpts and mints his life in the form of experiences from the material of the surrounding reality ”[2, p. However, the experience is the phenomenon is not purely psychological, it has its own structure, which includes not only mental components.

The experience represents the “life itself” in its specificity and integrity. Therefore, it is impossible to study the experience, tearing it out of the life context.It is necessary to trace the entire path traveled from the objective values ​​of culture to the subjective meanings of the personality: to find the source of experience in social reality, and then decipher its meaning and content in the conscious sphere of personality.

The experience of historical and everyday events affects the life and activity of a person, finding their expression in typical and individual forms of behavior. The personality of a person finds expression in his style - life, creative. We will trace as a significant event, the fact of life, his experience, influenced the creative nature and further evolution of the ideas of one of the greatest poets of France in the second half of the XIX century.

Artyura Rimbao. The defeat of the commune causes despair from Rimbo, he begins to look for new goals, in an attempt to connect his talent with life, to understand how he can influence it. To help understand his new worldview, in what is happening with the poet and the preserved personal correspondence helps. Here is a letter that Rimbao writes to his friend in May: “The first thing that one who wants to become a poet should achieve is complete self -knowledge; He searches for his soul, examines it, tempts it, comprehends it.

And when he comprehended her, he must process her! The task seems to be a simple one, you need to make your soul ugly. Imagine a person who plants and nurtures a wart on his face. I say, we must become a "clairvoyant", make himself a "clairvoyant." He goes to any form of love, suffering, madness. He is looking for himself. He exhausts himself with all the poisons, but sucks their quintessence.

Inexplicable flour in which he needs his whole faith, in all superhuman power; He becomes the most sick of all, the most criminal, the most damned and scientists from scientists! For he reached the "unknown" [3, p. So, the poet is truly a kidnapper of fire. He is responsible for humanity, even for "animals." Find the appropriate language, besides, since every word is an idea, the time of the universal language will come!

This language will be a speech of the soul to the soul, he will bring everything - smells, sounds, colors, he will combine thought with a thought and will set it in motion. The poet will have to determine how many unknown in his time arise in a universal soul; It will have to do more than formulating your thoughts, more than a simple description of your path to progress!

Such eternal art will have their own tasks, as poets are citizens. Poetry will no longer embody action in rhythms; It will be ahead ”[3, p. In September, Rimba wrote to the poet Paul Verlene, whom he considered the thy-refiners, two letters, putting several of his poems in them. He admitted that he has no money to travel to Paris. Verlaine answered: “Come, dear friend, a great soul, they invite you, they are waiting for you” [3, p.

When we are talking about our contemporaries, at this stage in the development of society, the main sources of biographical material may be interviews and literal records of oral messages. Public and private archival materials also play an important role as a source of biographical data. Private archival materials used in the study of the biography include mainly personal entries and documents.

The main type of private document is an autobiography. Autobiography can be complete and thematic. Thematic autobiography is focused on a certain sphere of personal experience or a period of life. It should be noted that autobiographies include those detailed biographies that are created at the request of the researcher. There are noticeable differences between an autobiography written in the calculation of further publication, and an autobiography, addressed only to a narrow circle of close people.

If in the first case the advantage is a great actual reliability and a special style of presentation, then in the second there is usually a high degree of disclosure of personal attitude to the experience, a special desire to motivate perfect actions. Private archival documentation also includes diaries, private entries, memoirs, personal letters. Any memoirs need philological analysis and verification, since the same fact, a person can be appreciated in different ways in various memoirs.

In literary criticism, personal correspondence is an important source of data on the author. The letter can tell quite important things not only about its author, but also about the recipient and the relationship between the first and second. And the style, and the presentation method, and the frequency of correspondence can be as informative as the content of the letter itself.

Such functional personal documents as schedules, drafts, work plans and other documents can help the objectivity of the research of biographical data. It should also be noted the need to verify the actual veracity of the information contained in biographical documents. There are various techniques for processing biographical material, many of which came from psychology and sociology.This can be the quantitative processing of published biographies of outstanding people for the purpose of individuals, analysis of literary works in comparison with the biography of their authors, statistical processing of personal letters of one person, which revealed the structure of the individual, a psychological description of the age phases based on diaries and autobiographical records.

The objectivity of the interpretation increases when the biographer relies on the entire totality of the well -known facts of the writer's life path. List of literature: 1. Ananiev B. Man as a subject of knowledge. Biography and culture. Rimbaud A. Tomsk in this article discusses the transformation of the travetral genre in Russian literature of the twentieth century using the example of the “images of Italy” by P.